The rapid evolution of digital technologies and the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence over the past two decades have fundamentally transformed patterns of work, education, and the development of human competencies. In this context, AI literacy has emerged as one of the essential competencies for the modern workforce, encompassing the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to understand, evaluate, apply, and manage intelligent technologies. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific landscape in this field and to analyze the conceptual and structural evolution of the relationship between artificial intelligence and human resource competencies over nearly five decades. To achieve this, a scientometric analysis was conducted based on 455 documents retrieved from the Scopus database for the period 1976–2025. After extraction, the data were refined, cleaned, and coded, and subsequently analyzed using ScientoPy and Bibliometrix software. The results indicate that scholarly attention to this topic has accelerated since 2019 and peaked in 2025. Co-word analysis and conceptual clustering revealed four major thematic areas: professional competence, intelligent education and learning, data-driven and clinical applications, and digital performance development. Furthermore, an evolutionary three-phase analysis shows a transition from performance evaluation and knowledge models (2004–2012), to practical integration of AI into education and decision-support systems (2013–2019), and finally to a phase of digital transformation and emerging competencies (2020–2025). Overall, the findings suggest that artificial intelligence is not merely a technology but a key driver reshaping human resource competencies, and that developing AI literacy, data literacy, and digital skills plays a crucial role in enhancing the professional readiness of specialized personnel.