سیدحیدر فرع شیرازی

Abstract Comparing ruling reigns after prophet Muhammad's (P.B.U.H.) decease together to the beginning of Ashura uprising, Imam Ali's (A.S.) reign is the time when resistance literature blooms and Imam Ali (A.S.), himself, is one pioneers of this kind of literature in his ruling period. The conjugation rule and boasting at internal wars with Muslims are among the most important factors of excellence of literature in this period which are proofs of Imam Ali's (A.S.) political, literary and logical superiority compared to previous caliphs; of course, Imam Ali's (A.S.) insistence in successive and intensive wars against domestic hypocrites added to this resistance. In addition to enemy's intimidation and threats, defending imam Ali's (A.S.) leadership, providing insights in people, describing experiences of sacrifice and martyrdom, encouraging Jihad and lamenting martyrs at war are among the features of resistance literature in battles of Jamal and Siffin. Furthermore, organizing conspiracy, raising doubts and deviation of some Jihadi poets can be taken as cultural invasions of internal enemies which are manifested in defensive and/or promotional poems of the period. In this study, some motives and thematic thoughts of so-called resistance poems of Khawarij are mentioned as well; in fact, such poems address violence and are mostly aimed at motivating people for war which are manifested as boasts in the works of some poets.