غلامرضا عبدی

Nanoparticles (NPs) possess strange optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, which arise from their quantum size effects. Nanotechnol- ogy, with its immense potential, offers immediate solutions to address these challenges and benefit our society. The pressing concerns of climate change and improving nutritional quality need that we adapt to changing conditions. These distinctive characteristics open up exciting opportunities for the development of innovative sensing techniques that allow for the real- time monitoring of plant responses to nanomaterial exposure. Plant tissue culture is an essential pillar in the field of plant biology, serving as a crucial founda- tion for a wide range of important applications. This remarkable technique plays a vital role in various areas, such as plant preservation, facilitating large- scale reproduction, enabling genetic modification, fostering the production of bioactive compounds, and enhancing desirable plant characteristics. Through the intricate process of tissue culture, scientists and researchers can manipulate plant cells in a controlled environment, opening up endless possibilities for advancing our understanding of plants and harness- ing their potential for benefits. Understanding and optimization of these factors is crucial for improving the efficiency of in vitro propagation. In recent times, the integration of nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged as a successful strategy to combat microbial con- taminants in explants, while also showcasing their positive impact on callus initiation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, explants sterilization, and the production of secondary metabolites. This com- prehensive review aims to consolidate the significant advancements achieved throughout the integration of nanotechnology into plant tissue culture. It seeks to shed light on the positive attributes associated with the consumption of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant tis- sue culture, highlighting their enormous potential and be