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Abstract
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he design and implementation of eco-environmental wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs) is required due to the acceleration of carbon emission. To minimize the carbon impacts,
life cycle assessment (LCA) can be an appropriate technique for comparing WWTPs considering
energy supply and carbon release. Although more literature focused on biological phosphorus
removal systems, however, their carbon footprint and energy consumption are less investigated.
Therefore, Step Bio-P, anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O), and Bardenpho systems were simulated and
optimized operationally. The Step Bio-P showed high efficiency for COD (91.71%) and nutrient
(>77%) removals while its energy demand indicated an increase of 1.4 to 1.8- fold. Regarding carbon
footprint, the Bardenpho system led to the highest release of CO2 which was associated with fossil
fuel utilization in electricity production. However, almost 10.83% to 39.97% of overall energy
consumption can be recovered by the combined heat and power (CHP) and boiler installation.
Moreover, the development of green energy sources has an influential impact on the reduction of
carbon emissions. However, more performance assessments and LCA evaluations of WWTPs at the
unit process level are still required to identify and improve the system hotspot.
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