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Abstract
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In the present study, the Umbonium vestiarium snail shell (UVS) was used as an abundant and low-cost resource for the
removal of Co (II) from aqueous solution. The characteristics of calcined Umbonium vestiarium snail shell (CUVS) were
analyzed using FTIR, SEM, MAP, EDAX, and BET analyses. The results showed that the specific surface area of the CUVS
was obtained 17.02 m2/g which was an acceptable amount. The presence of Co (II) in the adsorbent structure was confirmed
by EDAX, and Map analyses after Co (II) adsorption showed that the adsorbent successfully adsorbed Co (II) from aqueous
solution. The effect of different parameters such as, contact time, initial concentration of cobalt ion, the adsorbent dose, and
pH value was also investigated. The maximum efficiency of cobalt ion adsorption was measured 93.87% at a pH value of 6,
contact time of 80 min, the adsorbent dose of 3 g/L, and initial ion concentration of 10 mg/L. Also, Langmuir, Freundlich,
and D–R isotherm models were used to determine the most appropriate isotherm model for cobalt ion adsorption. The
adsorption equilibrium data were better fitted with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 93.46 mg/g.
Additionally, the average free energy of adsorption was evaluated in the amount of 1.4085 KJ/mol, revealing a physical
adsorption. Moreover, the kinetic behavior stud
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