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Abstract
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A higher relative humidity leads to an increased sticking power of gecko feet to
surfaces. The molecular mechanism responsible for this increase, however, is
not clear. Capillary forces, water mediating keratin-surface contacts and water-
induced softening of the keratin are proposed as candidates. In previous work,
strong evidence for water mediation is found but indirect effects via increased
flexibility are not completely ruled out. This article studies the latter hypothesis
by a bottom-up coarse-grained mesoscale model of an entire gecko spatula
designed without explicit water particles, so that capillary action and water-
mediation are excluded. The elasticity of this model is adjusted with a deep
neural network to atomistic elastic constants, including water at different con-
centrations. Our results show clearly that on nanoscopic flat surfaces, the sof-
tening of keratin by water uptake cannot nearly account for the experimentally
observed increase in gecko sticking power. Here, the dominant mechanism is
the mediation of keratin-surface contacts by intervening water molecules. This
mechanism remains important on nanostructured surfaces. Here, however,
a water-induced increase of the keratin flexibility may enable the spatula to
follow surface features smaller than itself and thereby increase the number
of contacts with the surface. This leads to an appreciable but not dominant
contribution to the humidity-increased adhesion. Recently, by atomistic grand-
canonical molecular dynamics simulation, the room-temperature isotherm is
obtained for the sorption of water into gecko keratin, to the authors’ knowl-
edge, the first such relation for any beta-keratin. In this work, it relates the
equilibrium water content of the keratin to the ambient relative humidity.
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