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Abstract
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Plasma-activated water (PAW) is an emerging and promising green technology in agriculture in recent years. This study aimed to examine the influence of the spraying of PAW and
amino acid fertilizer concentrations on German chamomile varieties’ physiological, biochemical,
and phytochemical characteristics under field conditions. Method: The experiment was performed
during 2020–2021 as a factorial using a randomized complete block design with three replications
in an arid and semi-arid region east of the Persian Gulf. The factors contained five fertilizer levels
(0 (control), 1, 2, 3 mL L−1 amino acid and PAW) and three German chamomile cultivars Bona, Bodegold, and Lianka). Physiological, biochemical, and phytochemical traits such as plant height, fresh
and dried flower weight, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, CHN elements: N ratio, total protein, amino
acid profile, essential oil yield, apigenin content, and major secondary metabolites were examined.
Results: The ANOVA indicated that the impact of the cultivar and fertilizer was significant on all
physiological, biochemical, and phytochemical studied parameters. The amino acid fertilizer and
PAW enhanced physiological features, hydrogen, C: N ratio, essential oil yield, apigenin content,
and main phytochemical compositions like chamazulene, and α-bisabolol, but it had no incremental
effect on the carbon, nitrogen, and total protein percentage. Conclusion: Findings revealed that
applying foliar amino acid fertilizer and PAW treatments improves physiological, biochemical, and
phytochemical parameters in German chamomile cultivars under field conditions.
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