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Abstract
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This study presents a comprehensive literature review on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods, with an emphasis on CO2-EOR. By analyzing over 30 peer-reviewed studies, we identify critical methodological inconsistencies and research gaps that limit the comparability and reliability of existing assessments. Notable challenges include inconsistent system boundary definitions (e.g. gate-to-gate vs. cradle-to-grave), inadequate differentiation between CO2 trapping and long-term geological storage, and the exclusion of downstream emissions related to combustion of recovered oil. Additionally, the dual function of CO2-EOR – enhanced oil recovery and potential carbon sequestration – complicates emissions allocation and environmental impact calculations. Our review reveals that while CO2-EOR offers potential for net carbon storage and contributes to reduced emissions under certain scenarios, its environmental benefits are highly context-specific. Variables such as the source of CO2 (natural vs. anthropogenic), reservoir characteristics, energy requirements for compression and reinjection, and temporal factors significantly influence LCA results. Many studies also lack standardization in functional units and inventory data, which hinders meaningful comparisons across projects. The significance of this review lies in its effort to consolidate fragmented knowledge and provide actionable recommendations for improving LCA practices in EOR research.
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