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Abstract
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This study presents potassium nitrate-loaded nanoniosomes as an innovative controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with significant potential to advance sustainable agriculture. The nanoscale vesicles, characterized by stable negative surface charge, spherical morphology, and a bimodal size distribution, provided a controlled nitrate release pattern that closely matched plant nutrient uptake. In a seven-week lettuce cultivation trial, the nanoniosomes reduced nitrate leaching by 32 % compared to conventional fertilizer (CF), demonstrating both immediate availability for early growth and sustained release during later stages. Kinetic modeling revealed concentration-dependent release and Super Case II transport mechanisms, indicating that water diffusion, matrix swelling, and gradual niosome degradation govern nutrient release. Unlike CF, this nano-vesicle system enhances nitrogen use efficiency while minimizing environmental risks such as groundwater contamination and eutrophication. These findings underline the practical applicability of nanoniosomal fertilizers (NNF) for farmers, water managers, and policymakers seeking sustainable and environmentally safe nutrient management strategies. Future research should focus on multi-season field trials, scale-up production, and the integration of additional nutrients or biostimulants to further optimize their performance in precision agriculture.
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